Wojciech Pawlina

Overview of Human Anatomy and Physiology The human body has 206 bones, about 650 muscles, 78 to 80 organs, and a wide network of blood vessels. All of these parts work together, with each cell playing its own role to keep us alive. Two main fields help us understand how our bodies function: physiology, which … Read more

Overview of Human Bone Anatomy Human skeleton anatomy describes the bones inside our body that give us shape and support. The skeleton helps us stand, sit, walk, and move. It also protects important organs like the brain, heart, and lungs. At birth, a human baby has about 270 bones. As we grow, some bones join … Read more

Overview of Cervical Spine Anatomy The cervical spine, also called the neck, is the upper part of your spine.[1] The cervical spine anatomy consists of seven small bones called cervical vertebrae, labeled C1-C7.[1][2] These bones support your head and allow your neck to move.[3][1] The first two cervical vertebrae are special. The first one, C1, … Read more

Overview of Pancreas Anatomy The pancreas is a specialized organ that plays a crucial role in both digestion and hormone regulation.[1] It functions as an exocrine gland by releasing digestive juices and as an endocrine gland by producing essential hormones, such as insulin.[1][2] Pancreas anatomy is divided into four parts, with the uncinate process often … Read more

Overview of Neck Muscle Anatomy The neck muscle anatomy contains several muscles that help move the head in different directions.[1] These muscles are grouped based on their location in the neck: the front (anterior), side (lateral), and back (posterior) areas.[1] Each group of muscles has specific roles depending on where they are and how deep … Read more

Overview of Thyroid Anatomy The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped organ in the front of the neck.[1] It sits in the middle, just over the windpipe (trachea), and stretches from the C5 to T1 vertebrae in the spine.[1] This gland makes important hormones—thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and calcitonin.[2] These helps control how the … Read more

Overview of Nose Anatomy The nose is the primary gateway to the respiratory system.[1][2] It plays a vital role in the sense of smell, making it a key component of the olfactory system.[1] Its structural framework is shaped by the nasal bones and cartilage, including the nasal septum, which separates the nostrils and divides the … Read more

Overview of Human Spine Anatomy The human spine plays one of the most vital roles in the human body. It supports posture, enables movement, and protects the spinal cord.[1] It also forms the main communication pathway between the brain and the rest of the body, helping the brain control movement, sensation, reflexes, and vital body … Read more

Overview of Stomach Anatomy The stomach is a hollow, muscular organ located in the upper part of the digestive system, between the esophagus and the small intestine. It plays a critical role in breaking down food.[1][2] It uses gastric acid and digestive enzymes to process food after it has been chewed and swallowed.[2][6] This process … Read more

Overview of Liver Anatomy and Physiology The liver is a vital organ found only in vertebrate animals.[1] It plays a key role in keeping the body healthy by detoxifying harmful substances, producing proteins, and making essential chemicals needed for digestion and growth.[1][2][3] In humans, the liver is located in the upper right part of the … Read more