Wojciech Pawlina

Overview of Neck Muscle Anatomy The neck muscle anatomy contains several muscles that help move the head in different directions. These muscles are grouped based on their location in the neck: the front (anterior), side (lateral), and back (posterior) areas. Each group of muscles has specific roles depending on where they are and how deep … Read more

Overview of Thyroid Anatomy The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped organ in the front of the neck. It sits in the middle, just over the windpipe (trachea), and stretches from the C5 to T1 vertebrae in the spine. This gland makes important hormones—thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and calcitonin. These helps control how the … Read more

Overview of Nose Anatomy The nose is the gateway to the respiratory system. It plays a vital role in our sense of smell, making it a key part of the olfactory system. Its structure is shaped by the nasal bones and cartilage, including the nasal septum, which separates the nostrils and divides the nasal cavity … Read more

Overview of Spine Anatomy The human spine is one of the most important structures in the human body. It provides support, allows for movement, and protects the spinal cord. It serves as the primary pathway for communication between the brain and the rest of the body. Through this network of nerves, the brain controls movements, … Read more

Overview of Stomach Anatomy The stomach is a hollow, muscular organ located in the upper part of the digestive system, between the esophagus and the small intestine. It plays a critical role in breaking down food. It uses gastric acid and digestive enzymes to process food after it has been chewed and swallowed. This process … Read more

Overview of Liver Anatomy and Physiology The liver is a vital organ found only in vertebrate animals. It plays a key role in keeping the body healthy by detoxifying harmful substances, producing proteins, and making essential chemicals needed for digestion and growth. In humans, the liver is located in the upper right part of the … Read more

Overview of Hip Muscle Anatomy The hip joint muscles are necessary for moving, stabilizing the body, and allowing a wide range of motions. Hip muscle anatomy consists of four main categories based on their location and function: the gluteal group, lateral rotator group, adductor group, and iliopsoas group. Seventeen main muscles comprise these groups, but … Read more

Overview of Hip Bone Anatomy The hip bone, or os coxae, is a large, irregular bone that forms the base of the lower limb. The main functions of the hip bone are to support the body’s weight when standing and provide a base for leg movement. It connects to the spine at the sacroiliac joint … Read more

Overview of Anatomy of the Kidney In the human anatomy, the kidneys are vital, bean-shaped organs that keep our body healthy by filtering blood and managing fluid balance. Kidney anatomy consists of a renal capsule, cortex, hilum, fascia, perirenal fats, medulla, pyramid, column, papillae, etc. Every day, they process around 200 quarts of fluid, similar … Read more

Overview of Rib Cage Anatomy The rib cage is an essential body element that protects the heart and lungs. It creates the chest area known as the thorax, which comprises ribs, the sternum, and a portion of the spine. The rib cage anatomy has 24 ribs, 12 on each side, as well as 12 vertebrae, … Read more