Cervical Spine Anatomy: Vertebrae, Muscles, Nerves, Functions & Diagrams

📅 Published on January 1, 2026 | 🕒 Last updated on January 2, 2026

Overview of Cervical Spine Anatomy

The cervical spine, also called the neck, is the upper part of your spine. The cervical spine anatomy consists of seven small bones called cervical vertebrae, labeled C1-C7. These bones support your head and allow your neck to move. The first two cervical vertebrae are special. The first one, C1, is called the atlas. It sits at the base of the skull and supports the weight of your head, helping you keep it upright. The second vertebra, C2, is called the axis. It works with the atlas to let you turn your head from side to side, like when you say “no.”

All seven cervical vertebrae are connected at the back by small joints called facet joints. These joints help your neck bend forward, bend backward, and twist smoothly.

The cervical spine is supported by muscles, ligaments, tendons, and nerves. Together, they provide strength, flexibility, and stability. Between each vertebra is a soft cushion called an intervertebral disc. These discs act like shock absorbers and reduce stress when you move.

The spinal cord runs through the center of the cervical spine. It carries messages between your brain and the rest of your body, helping control movement, feeling, and important body functions.

Anatomy of the Cervical Spine

Anatomy of Cervical Spine

Cervical Spine Anatomy

Vertebrae (C1–C7)

The cervical spine is the top part of the spinal column, located in the neck. It is made up of seven vertebrae, labeled C1 through C7. These bones support the head, protect the spinal cord, and allow the neck to move in different directions.

The cervical spine is divided into two main sections based on structure and function:

• Upper cervical spine: C1 and C2
• Lower cervical spine: C3 to C7

The upper cervical spine works closely with the base of the skull and plays a major role in head movement, balance, and stability.

Upper Cervical Spine (C1 and C2)

The first two cervical vertebrae—C1 (atlas) and C2 (axis)—have a unique shape that allows the head to nod, rotate, and stay stable. Together, they provide most of the neck’s rotational movement.

1. Atlas (C1)

The atlas is the first cervical vertebra and directly supports the weight of the head. Unlike most vertebrae, it lacks a vertebral body. Instead, its body becomes part of the axis below.

Key features of the atlas include:

• Front (anterior) and back (posterior) arches are connected by strong side portions called lateral masses.
• Upper joint surfaces that connect to the base of the skull, forming the atlanto-occipital joint, which allows the head to nod up and down (the “yes” motion)
• Lower joint surfaces that connect with the axis
• A large central opening (vertebral foramen) that gives the spinal cord extra space
• Transverse foramina in the side projections, which allow the vertebral arteries to pass through and supply blood to the brain
• A small inner joint surface on the front arch that connects with the dens of the axis and is held in place by a strong ligament

2. Axis (C2)

The axis is the second cervical vertebra and serves as the main pivot point for head rotation, such as turning the head left and right.

Important features of the axis include:

• The dens (odontoid process), a vertical bony projection that fits into the atlas and allows rotational movement
• A strong, split (bifid) spinous process that provides attachment for neck muscles
• Transverse foramina on both sides for the vertebral arteries
• Upper joint surfaces that connect with the atlas
• Lower joint surfaces that connect with the third cervical vertebra (C3)

Lower Cervical Spine (C3–C7) – Simple Explanation

The lower cervical spine includes the vertebrae from C3 to C7. These bones support the head while allowing the neck to move smoothly in different directions.

• The vertebral bodies are small and slightly taller at the back than at the front. This shape helps maintain the normal inward curve of the neck (cervical lordosis).
• The top surface of each vertebral body is gently hollowed, while the bottom surface is slightly rounded, allowing the bones to stack and move efficiently.
• Along the upper sides of the vertebral bodies are uncinate processes, which form uncovertebral joints (joints of Luschka). These joints guide neck motion and add stability, especially during side-to-side movement.
• Each vertebra has transverse processes with two bumps (tubercles) on the front and back. Between them is a groove that allows the spinal nerve to pass safely.
• Most cervical vertebrae contain a transverse foramen, an opening that carries the vertebral artery and vein supplying blood to the brain.

C7 (Vertebra Prominens)

• The C7 vertebra is different because its transverse foramen usually carries only a small vein, not the vertebral artery.
• The intervertebral foramina are openings formed between neighboring vertebrae. These spaces allow spinal nerves to exit the spine and travel to the shoulders, arms, and hands.
• The spinous processes of C3 to C5 are typically split into two tips (bifid).
• C6 and C7 have longer spinous processes.
• C7 has a large, easily felt spinous process at the base of the neck, which is why it is called the vertebra prominens.

This structure of the lower cervical spine balances strength, flexibility, and nerve protection, making normal neck movement and posture possible.

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Cervical Spine

Cervical Vertebrae (C1–C7)

Start the Quiz on the Cervical Vertebrae (C1–C7) Anatomy.

1 / 25

1. Why is cervical spine mobility important?

1. For balance and vision

2. For heart rate

3. For digestion

4. For breathing

2 / 25

2. What symptom can indicate cervical spine issues?

1. Stomach pain

2. Shoulder pain

3. Toothache

4. Foot cramps

3 / 25

3. What protects cervical vertebrae during movement?

1. Fat

2. Skin

3. Blood vessels

4. Ligaments and muscles

4 / 25

4. Which cervical vertebra is known as the “vertebra prominens”?

1. C4

2. C6

3. C7

4. C5

5 / 25

5. Poor posture mainly affects which cervical vertebrae?

1. C1–C2

2. C5–C7

3. All equally

4. C3–C5

6 / 25

6. What does C stand for in C1–C7?

1. Cervical

2. Cranial

3. Core

4. Central

7 / 25

7. What is a common symptom of cervical vertebra compression?

1. Vision loss

2. Foot pain

3. Abdominal cramps

4. Neck stiffness

8 / 25

8. Which vertebra connects the neck to the upper back?

1. C6

2. T1

3. C5

4. C7

9 / 25

9. Which activity strains cervical vertebrae most?

1. Standing straight

2. Sleeping flat

3. Reading at eye level

4. Looking down at phone

10 / 25

10. Which vertebra protects the spinal cord most directly?

1. C3

2. C1

3. All cervical vertebrae

4. C7

11 / 25

11. Which cervical level is most commonly injured in whiplash?

1. C5–C6

2. C7–T1

3. C3–C4

4. C1–C2

12 / 25

12. Which vertebra is most flexible?

1. C2

2. C7

3. C3

4. C1

13 / 25

13. Which vertebra allows you to rotate your head side to side?

1. C1

2. C7

3. C2

4. C5

14 / 25

14. What protects the spinal cord inside the cervical vertebrae?

1. Muscles

2. Discs

3. Vertebral canal

4. Ligaments

15 / 25

15. Which cervical vertebra is called the atlas?

1. C3

2. C1

3. C7

4. C2

16 / 25

16. How many cervical vertebrae are in the human neck?

1. 5

2. 7

3. 8

4. 6

17 / 25

17. Which movement uses cervical vertebrae most?

1. Walking

2. Turning your head

3. Chewing

4. Breathing

18 / 25

18. What is the main function of cervical vertebrae?

1. Support head movement

2. Produce blood cells

3. Control digestion

4. Protect the ribs

19 / 25

19. Which vertebra is closest to the skull?

1. C4

2. C1

3. C2

4. C3

20 / 25

20. What happens if cervical alignment is poor?

1. Faster healing

2. Better posture

3. Neck fatigue

4. More flexibility

21 / 25

21. What can long phone use cause in the neck?

1. Tech neck

2. Dislocation

3. Arthritis

4. Hernia

22 / 25

22. Which vertebra supports most head weight?

1. C1

2. All share the load

3. C2

4. C3

23 / 25

23. What condition causes abnormal curvature of the neck?

1. Arthritis

2. Scoliosis

3. Lordosis

4. Kyphosis

24 / 25

24. Neck cracking often happens due to what?

1. Muscle tears

2. Bone grinding

3. Nerve damage

4. Gas release in joints

25 / 25

25. What happens if C1 is injured?

1. Head movement problems

2. Leg weakness

3. Lower back pain

4. Rib pain

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Joints of the Cervical Spine

The cervical spine (neck) is the most flexible part of the spine. It allows the head and neck to move in many directions while still protecting the spinal cord and supporting the weight of the head. Compared to the thoracic (mid-back) and lumbar (lower-back) regions, the neck is specially designed for movement. However, not all cervical vertebrae move in the same way or contribute equally to each motion.

Occipitoatlantoaxial joints (Upper Cervical Spine)

The joints between the skull and the first two cervical vertebrae are mainly responsible for head movements.

1. Skull to C1 (Occiput–Atlas joint)

This joint allows you to nod your head. It mainly provides:

• Forward and backward movement (flexion and extension, like saying “yes”)
• A small amount of side bending
• No rotation

Rotation does not happen here because the joint shape is designed for stability rather than twisting.

2. C1 to C2 (Atlas–Axis joint)

This joint allows most of the head’s rotation. In fact, about half of all neck rotation happens here. It allows:

• Large amounts of rotation (like saying “no”)
• Small amounts of bending forward and backward
• No side bending

This rotation is possible because of a bony projection on C2 called the dens, which acts like a pivot for C1.

Joints between C2 and C7 (Lower Cervical Spine)

Most daily neck movements happen in the lower cervical spine.

• Bending forward and backward is greatest at C3–C4, C4–C5, and especially C5–C6
• Side bending and rotation mainly occur at C2–C3, C3–C4, and C4–C5
• Movement gradually decreases as you move down toward the base of the neck.

A special feature of the lower cervical spine is coupled motion. This means movements happen together. For example, when you bend your neck to one side, it also rotates to the same side naturally. This effect is stronger in the upper neck and reduces lower down. This is important because stiffness or injury at one level can affect movement in other areas.

Main Areas Where Cervical Movement Occurs

Neck movement happens in two main regions:

• Front (anterior) structures: vertebral bodies, intervertebral discs, and uncovertebral joints
• Back (posterior) structures: facet joints, arches, and spinous and transverse processes

1. Anterior Structures of the Cervical Spine

Intervertebral joints

Intervertebral joints are formed between each pair of vertebrae by an intervertebral disc. In the cervical spine, these discs allow-

• Allow smooth movement between bones.
• Help share loads during bending and lifting.
• Act as shock absorbers when the spine is compressed

Stability of these joints is mainly provided by the anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments, along with the uncovertebral joints.

Uncovertebral Joints

The uncovertebral joints develop during childhood as small clefts form at the outer edges of the cervical intervertebral discs. Although they are not true synovial joints, they play an important role in-

• Improve side-to-side stability
• Guide neck movement
• Limit excessive side bending.

With aging, these joints are commonly affected by degenerative changes, which can contribute to neck pain and, in some cases, nerve compression.

2. Posterior Structures and Facet Joints

At the back of the neck, stability is provided by strong ligaments and the facet joints, which are true synovial joints. Facet joints:

• Are covered with cartilage
• Contain synovial fluid
• Are enclosed by a joint capsule

The facet joints in the cervical spine are angled in a way that allows more movement than in the mid- or lower back.

Because of this joint orientation:

• Rotation always happens with side bending to the same side.
• During rotation, one facet slides backward while the other slides forward.
• During extension, the facets move backward and downward, closing the joint space.
• During flexion, the facets move forward and upward, opening the joint space.

This coordinated movement allows the neck to move smoothly while staying stable.

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Cervical Spine

Joints of the Cervical Spine

Start the Quiz on the Joints of the Cervical Spine Anatomy.

1 / 25

1. Facet joints mainly help with what?

1. Producing spinal fluid

2. Guiding spinal movement

3. Absorbing shock

4. Protecting nerves

2 / 25

2. What is a common sign of cervical joint stress?

1. Foot numbness

2. Vision loss

3. Jaw clicking

4. Neck pain when turning

3 / 25

3. Which activity protects joints?

1. Ergonomic posture

2. Heavy lifting without form

3. Sitting all day

4. Phone use

4 / 25

4. What improves joint health?

1. Neck braces all day

2. Movement and posture

3. Slouching

4. Staying still

5 / 25

5. Cervical joints mainly support what?

1. Arms

2. Digestion

3. Breathing

4. Head movement

6 / 25

6. What helps reduce joint stiffness?

1. Ice only

2. Complete rest

3. Heavy lifting

4. Gentle mobility

7 / 25

7. Which joint is most involved in “tech neck”?

1. Shoulder joint

2. Cervical facet joint

3. Knee joint

4. Hip joint

8 / 25

8. What can inflame cervical joints?

1. Hydration

2. Good posture

3. Stretching

4. Repeated poor posture

9 / 25

9. What happens when cervical joints become stiff?

1. Reduced neck movement

2. Stronger muscles

3. Better posture

4. Faster healing

10 / 25

10. What symptom often points to joint irritation?

1. Sharp headache

2. Tingling fingers

3. Chest pain

4. Local neck stiffness

11 / 25

11. Joint pain is often worse during?

1. Breathing

2. Movement after rest

3. Eating

4. Sleep

12 / 25

12. What worsens joint degeneration?

1. Stretching

2. Good sleep

3. Aging

4. Regular movement

13 / 25

13. Which joint mainly allows head rotation side to side?

1. Atlantoaxial

2. Costovertebral

3. Atlanto-occipital

4. Facet

14 / 25

14. Facet joints are classified as?

1. Fibrous

2. Hinge

3. Synovial

4. Ball-and-socket

15 / 25

15. What joint damage often causes cracking sounds?

1. Wrist

2. Knee

3. Elbow

4. Cervical facet

16 / 25

16. Which joint connects C1 and C2?

1. Facet

2. Atlantoaxial

3. Disc joint

4. Atlanto-occipital

17 / 25

17. What symptom suggests joint locking?

1. Sudden loss of movement

2. Headache

3. Fever

4. Tingling fingers

18 / 25

18. Joint inflammation is also called?

1. Bursitis

2. Arthritis

3. Myalgia

4. Tendinitis

19 / 25

19. Which joint helps stabilize the head?

1. Hip joint

2. Lumbar joint

3. Sacral joint

4. Atlanto-occipital

20 / 25

20. Which joint often causes neck pain due to arthritis?

1. Shoulder joint

2. Facet joint

3. Costal joint

4. TMJ

21 / 25

21. Which joint is most mobile in the neck?

1. C5–C6

2. C6–C7

3. C1–C2

4. C3–C4

22 / 25

22. Which joint allows you to nod your head “yes”?

1. Uncovertebral joint

2. Atlanto-occipital joint

3. Atlantoaxial joint

4. Facet joint

23 / 25

23. Poor sleep posture affects which joints most?

1. Knee

2. Cervical

3. Shoulder

4. Hip

24 / 25

24. Which movement stresses cervical joints most?

1. Deep breathing

2. Sudden twisting

3. Walking

4. Gentle stretching

25 / 25

25. What cushions movement between joints?

1. Tendons

2. Nerves

3. Cartilage

4. Ligaments

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Intervertebral Discs

The cervical spine (neck) has six intervertebral discs. There is no disc between the first two neck bones, called the atlas (C1) and axis (C2). The first disc starts between C2 and C3, and the discs continue down to C7–T1, where the neck meets the upper back.

Each disc is named after the bone above it. For example, the C4 disc is located between the C4 and C5 vertebrae. These discs act as cushions between the vertebrae, allowing the neck to move smoothly while performing everyday actions such as bending, turning, and supporting the head.

Like the discs in the lower back, each cervical disc has three main parts:

• Annulus fibrosus – a tough outer layer
• Nucleus pulposus – a soft, gel-like center
• Endplates – cartilage layers that attach the disc to the bones

Although cervical discs work in a similar way to lumbar (lower back) discs, they also have some key differences.

How Cervical Discs Are Different

• Better fit in the spine: The shape of the neck bones helps the discs sit more securely in place.
• Thicker in front: Cervical discs are thicker at the front than the back, which helps form the natural inward curve of the neck and supports good posture.
• Stronger back portion: The back part of the disc’s outer layer is thicker than in the lower back, adding extra stability to the neck.
• Early changes with age: In the lower cervical spine, the soft center of the disc sits more toward the front and tends to shrink or disappear earlier in life compared to discs in the lower back.

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Cervical Spine

Intervertebral Discs of Cervical Spine

Start the Quiz on the Intervertebral Discs of Cervical Spine.

1 / 25

1. Which activity often worsens disc problems?

1. Stretching

2. Heavy phone use with bent neck

3. Good posture

4. Walking

2 / 25

2. Herniated discs can cause weakness because?

1. Blood loss

2. Bone damage

3. Nerve compression

4. Muscle shrinkage

3 / 25

3. What is the soft center of a disc called?

1. Spinal cord

2. Ligament

3. Nucleus pulposus

4. Annulus fibrosus

4 / 25

4. Cervical discs mainly help with?

1. Breathing

2. Blood flow

3. Balance

4. Neck movement

5 / 25

5. A slipped disc is the same as?

1. Broken bone

2. Ligament strain

3. Muscle tear

4. Herniated disc

6 / 25

6. What worsens disc pressure the most?

1. Stretching

2. Light walking

3. Standing tall

4. Slouching forward

7 / 25

7. What is the main job of cervical intervertebral discs?

1. Produce spinal fluid

2. Protect the brain

3. Absorb shock and allow movement

4. Control muscles

8 / 25

8. Which age group commonly gets disc degeneration?

1. Adults over 30

2. Teenagers

3. Children

4. Newborns

9 / 25

9. A pinched nerve often causes which symptom?

1. Vision loss

2. Fever

3. Hair loss

4. Tingling or numbness

10 / 25

10. Can disc problems heal naturally?

1. Always

2. Sometimes

3. Never

4. Only with surgery

11 / 25

11. Disc degeneration is…

1. Always painful

2. Part of aging

3. Rare

4. Always dangerous

12 / 25

12. Which test confirms disc problems?

1. X-ray

2. ECG

3. MRI

4. Blood test

13 / 25

13. Which symptom needs urgent care?

1. Temporary pain

2. Mild stiffness

3. Arm weakness + numbness

4. Muscle soreness

14 / 25

14. What helps prevent disc issues?

1. Sleeping upright

2. Skipping exercise

3. Strengthening neck muscles

4. Slouching

15 / 25

15. How many cervical discs are there?

1. 5

2. 6

3. 8

4. 7

16 / 25

16. What helps disc recovery most?

1. Bed rest only

2. Gentle movement

3. Heavy lifting

4. Ice baths daily

17 / 25

17. What happens in a herniated disc?

1. Bone breaks

2. Disc dries out

3. Muscle tears

4. Inner gel pushes outward

18 / 25

18. Discs mainly get nutrition from?

1. Blood vessels

2. Bones

3. Movement and diffusion

4. Muscles

19 / 25

19. What does disc dehydration usually cause?

1. Muscle growth

2. Faster healing

3. Better flexibility

4. Disc bulge risk

20 / 25

20. Which symptom suggests cervical disc trouble?

1. Jaw swelling

2. Stomach ache

3. Shoulder pain

4. Foot pain

21 / 25

21. Neck discs are smaller than lumbar discs because?

1. Less blood flow

2. Fewer nerves

3. Less movement

4. Less body weight load

22 / 25

22. Poor posture mainly affects which disc area?

1. Lower back

2. Neck

3. Hips

4. Knees

23 / 25

23. Disc pain often increases with?

1. Deep sleep

2. Rest

3. Stretching

4. Sudden movements

24 / 25

24. Healthy discs need…

1. Hard surfaces

2. Complete rest

3. Regular movement

4. Tight muscles

25 / 25

25. Which disc level commonly causes arm pain?

1. C1–C2

2. T12–L1

3. L5–S1

4. C5–C6

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Ligaments of the Cervical Spine

The cervical spine is supported by six major ligaments that provide stability while still allowing a wide range of neck movement. Most of these ligaments are found throughout the entire vertebral column, while a few are specific to the cervical (neck) region.

1. Ligaments Present Throughout the Vertebral Column

• Anterior longitudinal ligament (ALL):
  This ligament runs along the front (anterior) surface of the vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs. Its main function is to prevent excessive backward bending of the spine (hyperextension).
• Posterior longitudinal ligament (PLL):
  It is located along the back (posterior) surface of the vertebral bodies and discs. This ligament helps limit excessive forward bending of the spine (hyperflexion) and supports spinal stability.
• Ligamentum flavum:
  This highly elastic ligament connects the laminae of neighboring vertebrae. It plays an important role in maintaining an upright posture and helps the spine return to an extended position after flexion.
• Interspinous ligament:
  Found between adjacent spinous processes, this ligament helps control forward bending movements and resists excessive flexion of the spine.

2. Ligaments Unique to the Cervical Spine

• Nuchal ligament:
  The nuchal ligament is an extension of the supraspinous ligament in the neck. It attaches to the tips of the spinous processes from C1 to C7 and provides important attachment points for muscles such as the trapezius and deep neck muscles.
• Transverse ligament of the atlas:
  This strong ligament stretches between the lateral masses of the atlas (C1). It holds the dens of the axis (C2) in place, ensuring stability of the atlanto-axial joint and protecting the spinal cord.

Together, these cervical spine ligaments help maintain neck stability, protect the spinal cord, and allow smooth, controlled movement of the head and neck.

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Cervical Spine

Ligaments of the Cervical Spine

Start the Quiz on the Ligaments of the Cervical Spine.

1 / 25

1. Overstretching ligaments leads to?

1. Better balance

2. Strength

3. Faster healing

4. Hypermobility

2 / 25

2. Poor posture affects ligaments by?

1. Healing them

2. Strengthening them

3. Shrinking them

4. Overstretching them

3 / 25

3. Best way to protect ligaments?

1. Good posture

2. Heavy lifting

3. Long sitting

4. Skipping exercise

4 / 25

4. Which ligament runs inside the spinal canal?

1. Posterior longitudinal

2. Nuchal

3. Capsular

4. Transverse

5 / 25

5. What causes ligament overstretching?

1. Standing

2. Sudden movement

3. Deep breathing

4. Walking

6 / 25

6. Which ligament connects skull to spine?

1. Transverse ligament

2. Flavum

3. Capsular ligament

4. Alar ligament

7 / 25

7. The ligament that limits forward bending is?

1. Posterior longitudinal ligament

2. Alar ligament

3. Anterior longitudinal ligament

4. Ligamentum flavum

8 / 25

8. Chronic neck pain may involve?

1. Infection

2. Tumor

3. Broken bones

4. Ligament laxity

9 / 25

9. Neck ligaments help with?

1. Digestion

2. Hearing

3. Balance

4. Stability

10 / 25

10. Ligament damage can cause?

1. Muscle growth

2. Better posture

3. Faster reflexes

4. Instability

11 / 25

11. Ligament injury causes what symptom?

1. Rash

2. Fever

3. Instability

4. Vision loss

12 / 25

12. Ligament pain usually feels like?

1. Sharp electric pain

2. Burning skin

3. Tingling fingers

4. Deep ache

13 / 25

13. Ligament injury often occurs in?

1. Sleeping

2. Walking

3. Reading

4. Car accidents

14 / 25

14. Which ligament helps prevent whiplash injuries?

1. Alar ligament

2. Facet ligament

3. Yellow ligament

4. Disc ligament

15 / 25

15. Ligament injuries heal best with?

1. Movement + rest

2. Surgery always

3. Bed rest only

4. Ice only

16 / 25

16. Neck stiffness after sleeping wrong is often due to?

1. Disc rupture

2. Ligament strain

3. Infection

4. Bone fracture

17 / 25

17. Ligaments heal slower because they have?

1. Poor blood supply

2. Excess fat

3. Too many nerves

4. Too much blood

18 / 25

18. Ligaments mainly connect?

1. Nerve to nerve

2. Disc to disc

3. Muscle to muscle

4. Bone to bone

19 / 25

19. Whiplash mainly damages which structure?

1. Skin

2. Muscles only

3. Bones

4. Ligaments

20 / 25

20. Which ligament limits rotation?

1. Nuchal ligament

2. Disc

3. Alar ligament

4. PLL

21 / 25

21. Which ligament supports head posture?

1. Nuchal ligament

2. ALL

3. PLL

4. Alar ligament

22 / 25

22. Which ligament supports upright posture?

1. Capsular

2. Nuchal ligament

3. Alar

4. PLL

23 / 25

23. Neck ligaments work with?

1. Bones only

2. Muscles

3. Skin

4. Organs

24 / 25

24. What do ligaments mainly do?

1. Move bones

2. Store energy

3. Produce nerves

4. Connect bones

25 / 25

25. Ligaments mainly stabilize during?

1. Talking

2. Sleep

3. Movement

4. Eating

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Neural Structures

The cervical spinal cord gives rise to many important nerves that control movement and sensation in the head, neck, shoulders, and arms. These nerves are grouped into two main networks called plexuses: the cervical plexus and the brachial plexus. Plexuses allow nerve fibers to mix and redistribute, which helps the body coordinate movements and sensations more effectively.

1. Cervical Plexus

The cervical plexus is formed from spinal nerves C1 to C4 (and sometimes part of C5). It lies deep in the neck, under the sternocleidomastoid (SCM) muscle, close to other neck muscles.

This plexus supplies nerves to the neck muscles, the diaphragm, and the skin of the neck and upper chest. Its branches are divided into motor (muscle-controlling) and sensory (skin-sensing) nerves.

Motor (Muscle) Branches

These nerves control important functions such as breathing, swallowing, and neck movement:

• Phrenic nerve (C3–C5): Supplies the diaphragm and is essential for breathing
• Ansa cervicalis (C1–C3): Supplies the infrahyoid muscles, which help with swallowing and speech
• Suboccipital nerve (C1): Controls small muscles at the base of the skull that move the head
• C1–C3 branches: Supply deep neck muscles that stabilize and bend the neck

Contributions to Other Nerves

Some nerve fibers from the cervical region also help form nerves that affect shoulder movement:

• Dorsal scapular nerve (C4–C5): Supplies muscles that stabilize the shoulder blade
• Long thoracic nerve (C5–C7): Supplies the serratus anterior muscle, which prevents winging of the shoulder blade

Sensory (Skin) Branches

These nerves carry sensation from the skin of the neck, shoulder, and upper chest:

• Lesser occipital nerve (C2): Skin of the upper neck and scalp behind the ear
• Great auricular nerve (C2–C3): Skin around the ear and jaw
• Transverse cervical nerve (C2–C3): Skin over the front of the neck
• Supraclavicular nerves (C3–C4): Skin over the collarbone, shoulder, and upper chest

2. Brachial Plexus

The brachial plexus supplies the upper limb and is formed by spinal nerves C5 to T1. These nerves pass between neck muscles and then reorganize into a structured network that controls the arm and hand.

Structure of the Brachial Plexus

• Roots: C5–T1
• Trunks:
  • Upper trunk (C5–C6)
  • Middle trunk (C7)
  • Lower trunk (C8–T1)
• Divisions: Each trunk splits into an anterior and posterior division
• Cords: Lateral, medial, and posterior
• Terminal branches: The main nerves of the arm and hand

Major Nerves of the Brachial Plexus

These five main nerves control most arm and hand movements and sensations:

• Musculocutaneous nerve (C5–C7): Bends the elbow and supplies sensation to the outer forearm
• Median nerve (C5–T1): Controls many forearm muscles and provides sensation to the thumb, index, middle, and part of the ring finger (palm side)
• Ulnar nerve (C8–T1): Controls most small hand muscles and supplies sensation to the little finger and part of the ring finger
• Radial nerve (C5–T1): Controls arm and forearm extension and supplies sensation to the back of the hand
• Axillary nerve (C5–C6): Supplies the shoulder muscles and skin over the shoulder

Additional (Smaller) Branches

Several smaller nerves branch off to supply specific muscles and skin areas:

• Nerve to subclavius (C5–C6): Subclavius muscle
• Suprascapular nerve (C5–C6): Rotator cuff muscles
• Lateral pectoral nerve (C5–C7): Pectoralis major
• Medial pectoral nerve (C8–T1): Pectoralis major and minor
• Medial cutaneous nerves of arm and forearm (C8–T1): Sensation to the inner arm and forearm
• Thoracodorsal nerve (C6–C8): Latissimus dorsi
• Upper and lower subscapular nerves (C5–C6): Subscapularis; the lower branch also supplies teres major

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Cervical Spine

Neural Structures

Start the Quiz on the Neural Structures Anatomy.

1 / 25

1. Nerve pain usually feels?

1. Warm

2. Soft

3. Dull and heavy

4. Sharp or electric

2 / 25

2. Which nerve level affects the middle finger?

1. T1

2. C7

3. C8

4. C6

3 / 25

3. Arm pain from neck is called?

1. Arthritis

2. Sciatica

3. Radiculopathy

4. Myalgia

4 / 25

4. Nerves transmit signals using?

1. Heat

2. Pressure

3. Electricity

4. Oxygen

5 / 25

5. Prolonged nerve pressure can cause?

1. Flexibility

2. Better posture

3. Permanent weakness

4. Faster healing

6 / 25

6. What protects the spinal cord?

1. Skin

2. Vertebrae

3. Muscles only

4. Fat

7 / 25

7. Which nerve affects the thumb?

1. C3

2. C6

3. T1

4. C8

8 / 25

8. Tingling in pinky finger relates to?

1. C8

2. C5

3. T4

4. C6

9 / 25

9. How many cervical nerves are there?

1. 10

2. 5

3. 8

4. 7

10 / 25

10. Nerves control?

1. Skin color

2. Blood pressure only

3. Digestion only

4. Movement and sensation

11 / 25

11. Loss of sensation usually means?

1. Ligament tear

2. Muscle strain

3. Joint swelling

4. Nerve issue

12 / 25

12. Poor posture can affect nerves by?

1. Relaxing them

2. Cooling them

3. Compressing them

4. Strengthening them

13 / 25

13. Best way to protect nerves?

1. Good posture

2. Sleeping sitting

3. No movement

4. Heavy lifting

14 / 25

14. Which nerve affects shoulder movement?

1. C8

2. L4

3. C5

4. T1

15 / 25

15. Nerve compression often causes?

1. Weakness

2. Weight gain

3. Hair loss

4. Rash

16 / 25

16. Tingling in fingers may mean?

1. Muscle tear

2. Nerve compression

3. Bone fracture

4. Infection

17 / 25

17. Nerves heal by?

1. Never

2. Instantly

3. Regenerating slowly

4. Surgery only

18 / 25

18. Spinal nerves exit through?

1. Ligaments

2. Muscles

3. Foramina

4. Discs

19 / 25

19. Nerve irritation can cause?

1. Bruising

2. Fever

3. Infection

4. Muscle twitching

20 / 25

20. The spinal cord sends signals between?

1. Brain and body

2. Muscles only

3. Bones only

4. Heart and lungs

21 / 25

21. Nerve compression worsens with?

1. Good posture

2. Bending neck forward

3. Rest

4. Stretching

22 / 25

22. Nerve pain often feels?

1. Burning or shooting

2. Cold

3. Dull

4. Itchy

23 / 25

23. Pinched nerves commonly cause?

1. Fever

2. Itching

3. Swelling

4. Tingling

24 / 25

24. The spinal cord ends at?

1. Chest

2. Neck

3. Lower back

4. Tailbone

25 / 25

25. The brachial plexus controls?

1. Arms and hands

2. Face

3. Chest

4. Legs

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Muscles That Attach to the Cervical Spine (Neck)

The cervical spine is made up of seven vertebrae (C1–C7). It supports the head and allows movements such as bending, turning, and tilting. Many muscles attach to these vertebrae to control head and neck motion and to keep the spine stable.

• Muscles that attach to the skull mainly move the head
• Muscles that attach only to the cervical vertebrae mainly move and stabilize the neck

Below is a clear overview of the main muscle groups connected to the cervical spine.

1. Anterior (Front) Neck Muscles

Main functions: Bend the head and neck forward, stabilize the cervical spine, and assist breathing by lifting the upper ribs.

• Rectus capitis anterior – Attaches to C1 and helps bend the head forward.
• Rectus capitis lateralis – Attaches to C1 and helps side-bend the head and stabilize the upper neck.
• Longus capitis – Runs from C3–C6 to the skull and bends the head and neck forward.
• Longus colli – A deep stabilizing muscle that runs along the front of the cervical spine and helps maintain neck posture.
• Anterior scalene – Attaches from C3–C6 and helps flex the neck and lift the first rib during breathing.
• Middle scalene – Attaches from C1–C7 and helps side-bend the neck and elevate the ribs.
• Posterior scalene – Attaches from C5–C7 and helps move the neck and lift the second rib.

2. Superficial Back Muscles

Main functions: Extend the head and neck, move the shoulder blades, and assist breathing.

• Trapezius – Extends the neck and supports shoulder movement and posture.
• Levator scapulae – Raises the shoulder blade and helps side-bend the neck.
• Rhomboid minor – Stabilizes and retracts the shoulder blade.
• Serratus posterior superior – Assists breathing by lifting the upper ribs.

3. Suboccipital Muscles (Upper Neck Muscles)

Main functions: Provide fine control of head movement and maintain posture.

• Rectus capitis posterior major
• Rectus capitis posterior minor
• Obliquus capitis superior
• Obliquus capitis inferior

These small muscles connect C1 and C2 to the skull and are essential for precise head extension and rotation.

4. Deep Back Muscles – Splenius Group

Main functions: Extend the neck and rotate the head.

• Splenius capitis – Extends and rotates the head.
• Splenius cervicis – Extends and rotates the neck.

5. Deep Back Muscles – Erector Spinae Group

Main functions: Maintain upright posture and extend the head and neck.

• Iliocostalis cervicis – Extends and stabilizes the cervical spine.
• Longissimus capitis – Extends and rotates the head.
• Longissimus cervicis – Extends and stabilizes the neck.
• Spinalis cervicis – Supports neck extension and posture.

6. Deep Back Muscles – Transversospinalis Group

Main functions: Stabilize the cervical spine, extend the neck, and control rotation.

• Semispinalis capitis – Extends and rotates the head.
• Semispinalis cervicis – Extends and stabilizes the neck.
• Multifidus – Provides deep spinal stability and supports posture.
• Rotatores cervicis – Assist with spinal rotation and fine movement control.

/25

Cervical Spine

Muscles of the Cervical Region

Start the Quiz on the Muscles of the Cervical Region.

1 / 25

1. Muscle recovery improves with?

1. No sleep

2. Rest + movement

3. Dehydration

4. Stress

2 / 25

2. Neck muscles support?

1. Lungs

2. Eyes

3. Heart

4. Head weight

3 / 25

3. Neck muscles get tight from?

1. Walking

2. Long screen time

3. Swimming

4. Breathing

4 / 25

4. Muscle pain often feels?

1. Sharp

2. Numb

3. Achy

4. Electric

5 / 25

5. Chronic muscle tension may lead to?

1. Better posture

2. Headaches

3. Growth

4. Faster healing

6 / 25

6. Best way to reduce muscle tightness?

1. Heavy lifting

2. Sitting long

3. Stretching

4. Avoid movement

7 / 25

7. Tight neck muscles can cause?

1. Clear vision

2. Faster reflexes

3. Dizziness

4. Better balance

8 / 25

8. Which muscle helps lift the shoulder?

1. SCM

2. Latissimus

3. Upper trapezius

4. Scalene

9 / 25

9. Muscle knots are also called?

1. Trigger points

2. Nerves

3. Fractures

4. Ligaments

10 / 25

10. Neck muscle strain causes?

1. Pain

2. Stiffness

3. Weakness

4. All of the above

11 / 25

11. Muscle strain often comes from?

1. Sudden movement

2. Rest

3. Sleep

4. Relaxation

12 / 25

12. Muscle fatigue causes?

1. Weakness

2. Speed

3. Strength

4. Stability

13 / 25

13. Best daily habit for neck muscles?

1. Slouching

2. Long sitting

3. No movement

4. Stretching

14 / 25

14. Healthy neck muscles help prevent?

1. Movement

2. Pain

3. Posture

4. Balance

15 / 25

15. What do neck muscles mainly do?

1. Control breathing

2. Pump blood

3. Support and move the head

4. Digest food

16 / 25

16. Muscle tightness may limit?

1. Thinking

2. Motion

3. Digestion

4. Breathing

17 / 25

17. What worsens muscle tension?

1. Stress

2. Sleep

3. Massage

4. Stretching

18 / 25

18. Best posture keeps muscles?

1. Balanced

2. Overworked

3. Weak

4. Tight

19 / 25

19. Muscle imbalance can lead to?

1. Neck pain

2. Strength gain

3. Relaxation

4. Better posture

20 / 25

20. Neck muscles attach to?

1. Organs

2. Skin only

3. Bones

4. Blood vessels

21 / 25

21. Which muscle helps with side bending?

1. Calf

2. Biceps

3. Scalene

4. Glute

22 / 25

22. Which muscle supports the neck from behind?

1. Gluteal

2. Trapezius

3. Abdominal

4. Pectoral

23 / 25

23. Which muscle helps turn the head?

1. Rhomboid

2. Trapezius

3. Sternocleidomastoid

4. Deltoid

24 / 25

24. Poor posture mainly tightens which muscle?

1. SCM

2. Quadriceps

3. Biceps

4. Hamstrings

25 / 25

25. Tight neck muscles often cause?

1. Rash

2. Headaches

3. Vision loss

4. Fever

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0%

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