Richard A. Deyo

A pioneering physician-scientist and neuroscience researcher with decades of experience in molecular neuroscience, neuropharmacology, and brain research. Throughout his career, he has contributed to groundbreaking discoveries involving neurotransmitters, neural signaling pathways, and the biological mechanisms underlying neurological and psychiatric disorders. His work has played an important role in advancing scientific understanding of brain function and influencing modern approaches to neuroscience research and therapeutic development. Recognized internationally for academic leadership, innovation, and mentorship, he has helped shape generations of researchers and contributed significantly to the growth of interdisciplinary biomedical science and neuroscience education.

What is Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA): Uses, Types & Risks

MRA uses magnetic fields and radio waves to image blood vessels, shown with an MRI scanner and neck angiogram.

Magnetic resonance angiography, commonly abbreviated as MRA, is a noninvasive imaging test that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce detailed images of blood vessels and the blood flowing through them.[1] Doctors use it mainly to look for problems in the arteries and veins — narrowing, blockages, aneurysms, or unusual vessel structures.[2][1] Depending on … Read more

15 Effective Home Remedies for Knee Pain with Pictures That Actually Work

15 home remedies for knee pain relief, including rest, ice therapy, heat therapy, compression, and stretching.

Overview of Home Remedies for Knee Pain Knee pain is one of the most common joint problems, affecting people of all ages.[1] While it becomes more common with aging, it can also result from sports injuries, overuse, excess body weight, arthritis, muscle weakness, or previous joint injury.[3][1] Knee pain can range from mild discomfort to … Read more

13 Best Exercises for Knee Pain: Step-by-Step Guide with Images

Labeled collage of 13 physiotherapy exercises for knee pain: wall sit, quad sets, clamshells, calf raise and more.

Overview of Exercises for Knee Pain Knee pain is a common problem that affects people of all ages. It can develop due to injury, arthritis, muscle weakness, overuse, or everyday wear and tear. Knee pain may make it difficult to walk, climb stairs, exercise, or even complete simple daily activities.[2] The good news is that … Read more

RICE Method For Injuries – Rest, Ice, Compression & Elevation

The RICE method is a first-aid approach for many muscle, ligament, tendon, and joint injuries, including sprains and strains.[1] RICE stands for Rest, Ice, Compression, and Elevation. The four steps aim to reduce pain and swelling and protect the injured area while healing begins.[1][2] RICE is used mainly in the first 24 to 48 hours.[3] After that, … Read more

Lower Back Pain: An Overview of Types, Risk Factors, and When to Seek Medical Care

Lower back pain illustration showing causes, symptoms, and treatment options including poor posture, spinal issues, diagnosis tests, and exercises.

Do you suffer from lower back pain or lumbago? You’re not alone. Lower back pain is a common issue that can affect anyone, regardless of age, lifestyle, or past injuries.[1] It often develops without warning and is not always linked to a specific cause or risk factor.[2] In many cases, the pain is not serious … Read more

Lower Back Pain in Women: Why It Affects Women Differently — Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention

Lower back pain in women causes, symptoms, risks, and treatment tips illustration

Lower back pain is one of the most common medical problems in the United States.[1] Emerging evidence indicates that women may experience distinct patterns of lower back pain relative to men—particularly those related to the menstrual cycle, hormonal fluctuations, pregnancy, and gynecological conditions.[2] Certain causes of lower back pain are unique to individuals with the … Read more

Lower Back Pain Treatments: Effective Relief Options, Tests & Expert Tips

Lower back pain diagnosis and treatment with medical tests, physiotherapy, and exercises for spine health

Overview of Lower Back Pain Treatments Back pain is something many of us will experience at some point in our lives. The good news is that most cases aren’t serious and are often caused by a simple muscle or ligament strain.[1] The main goals of lower back pain treatments are to ease the pain and … Read more

Lower Back Pain Causes & Symptoms: Common Reasons & Risk Factors

Illustration showing lower back pain causes and symptoms including muscle strain, poor posture, herniated disc, and risk factors like age and lifestyle.

Overview of Lower Back Pain Causes Lower back pain (LBP) is the leading cause of years lived with disability (YLDs) globally, as confirmed by the World Health Organization (WHO).[1] According to the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021, published in The Lancet Rheumatology, LBP affected 619 million people worldwide in 2020, with projections reaching 843 … Read more

Brain Anatomy: Parts of the Brain, Structure, Functions & Regions Explained

Detailed diagram of parts of the brain anatomy showing all major parts including cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem, lobes, and functional regions labeled with names and their functions.

Overview of Brain Anatomy The brain is a part of the control center of your body. It manages everything from your thoughts and emotions to your movements and memories. It also controls functions like breathing, heartbeat, and body temperature, running without you even noticing. Every part of who you are—your personality, reactions, and decisions—starts in … Read more

Brainstem Anatomy: Guide with Structure, Parts, Functions & Labeled Diagram

Detailed diagram of the brainstem anatomy showing major parts including midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata, and associated cranial nerves with labels for educational purposes.

Overview of Brainstem Anatomy The brainstem is a small yet vital part of the brain. It is located at its base and connects the cerebrum (the largest part of the brain) to the spinal cord.[1] The brainstem anatomy consists of three main structures: the midbrain, the pons, and the medulla oblongata.[1] The thalamus is in … Read more