Richard A. Deyo

A pioneering physician-scientist and neuroscience researcher with decades of experience in molecular neuroscience, neuropharmacology, and brain research. Throughout his career, he has contributed to groundbreaking discoveries involving neurotransmitters, neural signaling pathways, and the biological mechanisms underlying neurological and psychiatric disorders. His work has played an important role in advancing scientific understanding of brain function and influencing modern approaches to neuroscience research and therapeutic development. Recognized internationally for academic leadership, innovation, and mentorship, he has helped shape generations of researchers and contributed significantly to the growth of interdisciplinary biomedical science and neuroscience education.

Lower Back Pain Causes & Symptoms: Common Reasons & Risk Factors

Illustration showing lower back pain causes and symptoms including muscle strain, poor posture, herniated disc, and risk factors like age and lifestyle.

Overview of Lower Back Pain Causes Lower back pain (LBP) is the leading cause of years lived with disability (YLDs) globally, as confirmed by the World Health Organization (WHO).[1] According to the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021, published in The Lancet Rheumatology, LBP affected 619 million people worldwide in 2020, with projections reaching 843 … Read more

Brain Anatomy: Parts of the Brain, Structure, Functions & Regions Explained

Detailed diagram of parts of the brain anatomy showing all major parts including cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem, lobes, and functional regions labeled with names and their functions.

Overview of Brain Anatomy The brain is a part of the control center of your body. It manages everything from your thoughts and emotions to your movements and memories. It also controls functions like breathing, heartbeat, and body temperature, running without you even noticing. Every part of who you are—your personality, reactions, and decisions—starts in … Read more

Brainstem Anatomy: Guide with Structure, Parts, Functions & Labeled Diagram

Detailed diagram of the brainstem anatomy showing major parts including midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata, and associated cranial nerves with labels for educational purposes.

Overview of Brainstem Anatomy The brainstem is a small yet vital part of the brain. It is located at its base and connects the cerebrum (the largest part of the brain) to the spinal cord.[1] The brainstem anatomy consists of three main structures: the midbrain, the pons, and the medulla oblongata.[1] The thalamus is in … Read more

Midbrain Anatomy: Complete Guide with Parts, Structure & Key Functions

Detailed diagram of the human midbrain anatomy showing key parts, structures, and functions including tectum, tegmentum, cerebral aqueduct, and substantia nigra.

Overview of Midbrain Anatomy The midbrain, also known as the mesencephalon, is the topmost part of the brainstem.[1][2] It serves as a bridge between the cerebrum and diencephalon above and the pons below.[1] Despite of being 1.5-2 cm, it plays a vital role in several important functions, including vision, hearing, body movement, alertness, sleep cycles, … Read more

Cerebrum Anatomy: Guide with Parts, Lobes, Hemispheres, Functions & Diagram

Detailed labeled diagram of the parts of the cerebrum anatomy showing all major parts including frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes, with functional areas and structures highlighted.

Overview of Cerebrum Anatomy The cerebrum, also known as the telencephalon or forebrain, is the largest and most superior part of the human brain.[1] It plays a central role in voluntary movement, thinking, learning, emotions, and memory.[2][1] Structurally, cerebrum anatomy is divided into two C-shaped hemispheres—left and right—separated by a deep groove called the longitudinal … Read more

Cerebellum Anatomy: Guide with Parts, Structure, Functions & Diagram

Detailed diagram of the human cerebellum anatomy showing all major parts, including the anterior lobe, posterior lobe, flocculonodular lobe, cerebellar hemispheres, vermis, and deep cerebellar nuclei, labeled with names for educational purposes.

Overview of Cerebellum Anatomy The cerebellum is located at the back of your head, just beneath the larger cerebral hemispheres.[1] It is protected above by a tough membrane called the tentorium cerebelli.[1] While the cerebellum doesn’t start muscle movements, it plays a key role in refining them. It helps you walk smoothly, stay balanced, and … Read more

Basal Ganglia Anatomy: Guide with Parts, Structure & Role in Movement

Detailed diagram of the basal ganglia anatomy showing all major parts, including the caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, and substantia nigra, labeled with names and functional regions for neuroanatomy study.

Overview of Basal Ganglia Anatomy The basal ganglia, also known as the basal nuclei, are a group of deep brain structures located in the lower part of the forebrain, near the midbrain.[1][4] These structures are present in all vertebrates and play an important role in how the brain controls movement and behavior.[1][3] In humans, the … Read more

The 4 Lobes of the Brain: Complete Guide with Locations, Functions & Diagram

Diagram of the lobes of the human brain showing frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes with labeled parts and functions

Overview of Lobes of the Brain The brain, along with the spinal cord, forms the central nervous system (CNS), which controls most body activities.[1] It is the most intricate organ, made up of many parts that work together to manage everything from basic survival functions to complex thinking.[1] The brain has three main sections: the … Read more

Skull Anatomy: Parts of the Skull, Structure, Cranial, Facial Bones & Functions

Detailed diagram of human skull anatomy showing all major bones, parts, and structures with labels, including frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, and mandible bones.

Overview of Skull Anatomy The skull is a complex, protective structure made of bone.[1] It is essential for safeguarding the brain and supporting various sensory functions.[1] The skull anatomy is divided into two main sections: the cranium, which encloses and shields the brain, and the facial bones, including the mandible or jawbone, that shape the … Read more