Femur Anatomy: Parts of Femur, Structure, Functions, Location & Diagram

📅 Published on June 9, 2024 | 🕒 Last Reviewed & Updated on July 15, 2026

Overview of Femur Anatomy

The femur, or thigh bone, is the main bone in your thigh.[1] It connects your hip to your knee and is your body’s largest and strongest bone.[1][2] In animals with four legs, it is the upper bone in the back leg. The femur anatomy has several parts: the shaft, head, neck, and more.[1] The top part fits into your hip joint, and the bottom connects to your shinbone (tibia) and kneecap (patella) to form your knee.[1] Humans have two femurs, one in each leg, and they meet at the knees, connecting to the tibiae. The angle where they meet affects the angle of your knees.[1] The femur is about 26.74% of a person’s height, so it can help estimate the height of someone from their skeleton.[1][3]

This article will show the detailed femur bone anatomy with its parts, names, functions & diagrams. It will help us to understand more about the human body parts.

Femur Anatomy Diagram

Parts of Femur

Femur Anatomy

Femoral Head

The femoral head is the rounded top part of the thigh bone (femur).[1] It connects to the femoral neck and fits into the acetabulum of the pelvis, forming the hip joint.[1][2]

The femoral head is shaped like a ball.[1] It has a small pit called the fovea capitis femoris, where a ligament attaches.[2] This area is important because it can suffer from avascular necrosis, especially after hip injuries.[2]

The femoral head acts as the “ball” in the hip joint, allowing a wide range of motion. It is covered with smooth cartilage, which helps it move easily against the acetabulum.[1]

Inside the femoral head, there are different patterns of trabeculae (small, beam-like structures within the bone):

1. Primary Compressive Group: These trabeculae run vertically from the top of the femoral head to the inner neck, bearing the main load.[2][4]
2. Primary Tensile Group: These run from the bottom of the femoral head to the outer side of the femur, handling tensile (stretching) forces.[2][4]
3. Secondary Compressive Group: These follow additional stress lines within the upper femur.[2][4]
4. Secondary Tensile Group: These align with tensile forces in the outer upper femur.[2][4]
5. Greater Trochanteric Group: These follow stress lines within the greater trochanter, a bony prominence on the femur.[2][4]

There is an area with fewer trabeculae called Ward’s triangle, which is a weak spot in the bone. It differs from Babcock’s triangle, a region seen on X-rays where hip tuberculosis often occurs.[2]

Femoral Neck

The femoral neck is a connecting bone structure between the femoral head and shaft. It is shaped like a flattened pyramid, with a wider angle outward.[1]

The neck is flat from front to back, narrower in the middle, and wider on the outer side compared to the inner side.[1]

The lateral half of the neck has a larger vertical diameter due to its sloping lower edge. It joins the body near the lesser trochanter. This side measures about one-third more than its front-to-back diameter. The medial half is smaller and more circular.[1]

The front of the neck has many small holes for blood vessels. There are slight grooves along the top front where the hip joint capsule fibers sit.[1]

The back of the neck is smooth, broader, and more concave than the front. The hip joint capsule attaches about 1 cm above the intertrochanteric crest.[1]

The top border is short and thick. It ends at the greater trochanter and has large holes for vessels. The bottom border is longer and narrower. It curves slightly backward to reach the lesser trochanter.[1]

Femur Shaft

The femur, or your thigh bone, angles slightly inward and brings your knees closer to your body center to maintain balance.[1]

On the backside of the femur, there are rough ridges called the rough line or linea aspera. These ridges split below into two lines, medial and lateral supracondylar lines, with a flat area(the popliteal surface) in between.[1]

Near the top, the rough line becomes the pectineal line on the inside and the rough gluteal tuberosity outside, where your gluteus maximus muscle attaches.[1]

Towards the bottom, the linea aspera widens and becomes part of the popliteal fossa. The medial and lateral borders become the medial and lateral supracondylar lines.[1]

The medial supracondylar line ends at the adductor tubercle, where the adductor magnus muscle attaches.[1]

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Femur Anatomy

Femoral Head, Neck, and Shaft

Start the Quiz on the Femoral Head, Neck, and Shaft.

1 / 10

The trabecular pattern in the femoral neck and head forms two main systems. The tension (arcuate) trabeculae run from:

1. Medial shaft to the superior femoral head

2. Calcar femorale to the femoral shaft posteriorly

3. Lateral shaft through the femoral neck to the inferior head

4. Greater trochanter to lesser trochanter horizontally

2 / 10

The zone of the femoral neck that is most susceptible to stress fractures in athletes and military recruits is:

1. Superior cortex (tension side)

2. Inferior cortex (compression side)

3. Posterior cortex

4. Intertrochanteric zone

3 / 10

Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease (LCPD) involves avascular necrosis of the femoral head in which age group?

1. Children aged 4–10 years

2. Adults over 50 years

3. Teenagers aged 15–18 years

4. Newborns

4 / 10

Which ligament attaches along the intertrochanteric line anteriorly and is the strongest ligament of the hip joint?

1. Iliofemoral ligament (Y-ligament of Bigelow)

2. Ischiofemoral ligament

3. Pubofemoral ligament

4. Ligamentum teres

5 / 10

Which anatomical feature distinguishes the femoral neck from the femoral shaft on an AP radiograph?

1. The femoral shaft contains the femoral head

2. The femoral neck appears sclerotic and white

3. The neck and shaft cannot be distinguished

4. The femoral neck is narrower, angulated, and connects the femoral head to the trochanteric region

6 / 10

The capital femoral epiphysis is the growth plate (physis) of the:

1. Femoral head

2. Greater trochanter

3. Distal femoral condyles

4. Lesser trochanter

7 / 10

The femoral shaft is classified anatomically as a:

1. Sesamoid bone

2. Flat bone

3. Long bone

4. Irregular bone

8 / 10

The femoral head makes up approximately what fraction of a sphere?

1. One half

2. One quarter

3. One third

4. Two thirds to three quarters

9 / 10

The calcar femorale is a dense cortical structure located at:

1. The anterior intertrochanteric line

2. The superolateral femoral neck

3. The posteromedial base of the femoral neck, below the lesser trochanter

4. The tip of the greater trochanter

10 / 10

Which structure at the top of the femur articulates with the acetabulum to form the hip joint?

1. Linea aspera

2. Greater trochanter

3. Femoral head

4. Femoral neck

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Greater Trochanter

The greater trochanter of the femur is a major, bony projection on the side of the thigh bone. It extends outward and slightly backward from the hip joint.[1]

In adults, it typically sits 2–4 cm below the top of the femur. However, in females, due to a wider pelvic outlet than males, there is a greater in-between distance of the greater trochanters.[1]

On its outer side, the greater trochanter is broad and rough. It is shaped like a quadrilateral. It has a diagonal groove where the tendon of the gluteus medius muscle attaches.[1]

This attachment occurs with areas above and below this groove that may be roughened or smooth with a cushioning bursa.[1]

On the inner side, there is a smaller, deep vale known as the trochanteric fossa, where the tendon of the obturator externus muscle attaches.[1]

Lesser Trochanter

In human anatomy, the lesser trochanter is a small, cone-shaped bump inside the femur (thigh bone). It is located where the shaft of the femur meets the neck of the femur, towards the back and slightly below.[1]

The main function of the lesser trochanter is to serve as the attachment point for the iliopsoas muscle, which is important for hip movement.[1]

The top and front surfaces of the lesser trochanter are rough, while the back surface is smooth.[1] From its highest point, three distinct borders extend:

1. A medial border that continues with the lower edge of the femoral neck.[1]
2. A lateral border that merges with the intertrochanteric crest.[1]
3. An inferior border that blends with the middle section of the linea aspera, a ridge on the femur.[1]

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Femur Anatomy

Greater & Lesser Trochanter

Start the Quiz on the Greater & Lesser Trochanter.

1 / 10

On a lateral X-ray of the hip, the lesser trochanter is most clearly visualized when the limb is in:

1. Neutral position

2. Maximum external rotation

3. Maximum internal rotation

4. Maximum flexion

2 / 10

The safe surgical zone for accessing the lateral femoral shaft (avoiding the superior gluteal nerve) lies below which level at the greater trochanter?

1. At the mid-femoral shaft

2. The tip of the greater trochanter

3. 5 cm below the lesser trochanter

4. 3–5 cm distal to the tip of the greater trochanter

3 / 10

The greater trochanter is a large bony projection located at the:

1. Medial distal femur

2. Anterior mid-shaft femur

3. Posterolateral proximal femur

4. Superomedial femoral neck

4 / 10

Which of the following is NOT a short external rotator of the hip that attaches near the greater trochanter?

1. Piriformis

2. Quadratus femoris

3. Pectineus

4. Obturator internus

5 / 10

Piriformis syndrome involves compression of which nerve near the greater sciatic notch/piriformis attachment?

1. Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve

2. Obturator nerve

3. Sciatic nerve

4. Femoral nerve

6 / 10

During hip joint replacement, the femoral component stem is inserted into the:

1. Greater trochanter

2. Femoral head only

3. Acetabulum

4. Medullary canal of the femoral shaft

7 / 10

The tensor fascia lata (TFL) muscle and iliotibial band (IT band) most directly relates to the greater trochanter in which condition?

1. Hip flexor contracture

2. Greater trochanteric avulsion fracture

3. External (lateral) snapping hip — iliotibial band snapping over the greater trochanter

4. Psoas abscess

8 / 10

The trochanteric bursa lies between which structures?

1. The hip joint capsule and the acetabulum

2. Gluteus medius tendon and the greater trochanter

3. Iliopsoas tendon and the lesser trochanter

4. The femoral head and the labrum

9 / 10

The primary muscle that inserts on the lesser trochanter is:

1. Gluteus maximus

2. Rectus femoris

3. Iliopsoas (iliacus + psoas major)

4. Tensor fascia lata

10 / 10

The gluteus medius muscle inserts on which facet of the greater trochanter?

1. Posterior facet

2. Trochanteric fossa (medial)

3. Anterior facet

4. Superolateral facet (lateral surface)

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Medial & Lateral Condyle

The lower end of the femur has two projections: the medial and lateral condyles. The medial condyle is bigger because it bears more weight since the body’s center leans toward the inner side of the knee.[1]

On the back of the medial condyle, a ridge splits into two parts: the medial and lateral supracondylar ridges.[1]

The most distant ridge on the inner side of the medial condyle is called the “medial epicondyle,” which you can feel by running your fingers from the patella inward when the knee is bent. The extra part of the medial femoral condyle helps the knee rotate passively.[1]

The lateral condyle is the other ridge on the femur’s lower end. It is more prominent and wider from front to back and side to side compared to the medial condyle.[1]

Intercondylar Fossa/ Notch

The intercondylar fossa of the femur is like a deep groove between two bumps at the bottom of your thigh bone. These bumps are called the medial and lateral epicondyles.[1]

They are the parts that connect to your knee. The bumps are smoother and not pronounced on the front side of your thigh bone. There is a flat area called the patellar surface where your kneecap fits.[1]

You might also hear these areas called the patellar groove, patellar sulcus, or trochlear groove of the femur. They are all different ways of talking about the same parts of your knee joint.[1]

Epicondyle

The medial epicondyle of the femur is a bony protrusion on the inner side of the thigh bone’s lower end. It is above the medial condyle and has a bump called the adductor tubercle.[1]

It is the portion where muscles attach. This bump separates the thigh muscles into groups. Behind it, there is a rough area where a calf muscle attaches. The lateral epicondyle is smaller and less noticeable.[1]

It connects to a ligament in the knee. Below it is a groove that curves upward and backward on the back end of the bone.[1]

Patellar Surface & Groove

The patellar surface of the femur is a groove-like area at the lower front part of the thigh bone. This groove is between the inner and outer parts of the lower femur.[1]

It connects with a ridge on the patella (kneecap), forming the patellofemoral joint. This joint allows the kneecap to smoothly slide over the end of the thigh bone when we bend or straighten our knee.[1]

Linea Aspera

The linea aspera is a prominent bony ridge located on the posterior side of the femur or thigh bone. This structure is an attachment site for various muscles and connective tissues, effectively dividing the thigh into three distinct compartments.[1]

The linea aspera features two primary edges, the medial and lateral lips, with a roughened area in between.
It provides critical attachment points for the adductor muscles that move the leg toward the body’s midline.[1]

The intermuscular septa are connective tissues that separate different groups of thigh muscles. The distinctive ridges of the linea aspera are formed by the mechanical pull of the attached muscles, gradually shaping the bone over time.[1]

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Femur Anatomy

Medial & Lateral Condyles, Intercondylar Notch, Epicondyles, Patellar Groove, Linea Aspera

Start the Quiz on the Medial & Lateral Condyles, Intercondylar Notch, Epicondyles, Patellar Groove, Linea Aspera.

1 / 10

The articular cartilage of the femoral condyles is thickest in which region?

1. Anterior (patellofemoral contact area)

2. Posterior non-contact area

3. Along the intercondylar notch edges

4. Central weight-bearing zone

2 / 10

Medial femoral condyle hypoplasia (underdevelopment) is associated with which condition?

1. Lateral meniscal cyst

2. ACL tear

3. Tibial plateau fracture

4. Knee valgus deformity and lateral compartment overload

3 / 10

The fat line (fat pad sign) behind the distal femur on lateral knee X-ray can be displaced by:

1. ACL tear without effusion

2. Knee joint effusion or hemarthrosis — distension of the suprapatellar pouch

3. Patellar fracture only

4. Quadriceps strain

4 / 10

During anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury, a patient commonly reports which classic mechanism?

1. Direct blow to the medial knee

2. Hyperflexion of the knee

3. Direct contact to the posterior knee

4. Hyperextension, valgus collapse, or pivoting/cutting movement with the foot planted

5 / 10

The lateral retinaculum of the patella attaches the patella to the lateral femoral condyle. Excessive tightness of the lateral retinaculum causes:

1. Medial patellar dislocation

2. Lateral patellar tilt and pain — contributing to patellofemoral pain syndrome

3. PCL tears

4. IT band syndrome

6 / 10

The 'Q-angle' (quadriceps angle) of the knee is measured between which structures?

1. The patellar tendon and posterior cruciate ligament

2. The IT band and medial collateral ligament

3. A line from the ASIS through the patella center and a line from the tibial tubercle through the patella center

4. The femoral shaft and tibia

7 / 10

In unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA), only which compartment is typically replaced in medial knee osteoarthritis?

1. Medial tibiofemoral compartment (medial femoral condyle and medial tibial plateau)

2. Patellofemoral compartment

3. Lateral tibiofemoral compartment

4. All three compartments simultaneously

8 / 10

Which imaging view best demonstrates the depth and shape of the trochlear groove (patellar groove)?

1. Lateral view

2. Oblique view

3. Axial (sunrise/Merchant) view with the knee flexed

4. AP (anteroposterior) view

9 / 10

The posterior femoral condyle offset (PCO) is measured on a lateral knee X-ray and is important in TKA because:

1. It determines the depth of the tibial component cut

2. It determines the size of the tibial component

3. Restoring PCO ensures adequate knee flexion space and prevents tight flexion gap or 'flexion instability'

4. It affects the Q-angle measurement

10 / 10

The patellar groove (trochlea) of the femur becomes deeper with age. In infants, a shallow or absent trochlear groove is:

1. Normal — the trochlear groove develops and deepens in response to patellar contact forces during growth

2. A cause of ACL tears

3. Associated with medial collateral ligament tears

4. A pathological finding requiring immediate surgery

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Medial Supracondylar Ridge

The medial supracondylar line is a ridge on the back of the femur. It runs down from the inner part of the thigh bone. It is not as clear as its counterpart on the outside of the bone.[1]

This line starts at the top of the back of the femur and goes down to the adductor tubercle. It divides the back of the thigh bone into the popliteal area and the inner part.[1]

For muscles, this line is where the vastus medialis muscle starts from and where the adductor magnus muscle attaches to.[1]

Lateral Supracondylar Ridge

The lateral supracondylar line is a ridge on the back of the femur. It is part of the bone that runs along the outer edge of the thigh bone.[1]

This line is a mark where certain leg muscles start. These muscles are the plantaris muscle and part of the biceps femoris muscle. It helps separate different areas of the femur bone and plays a role in muscle attachment.[1]

Medial Femoral Intermuscular Septum

The medial femoral intermuscular septum is a thick sheet of tissue that divides the muscles in your thigh. It sits between the thigh’s front and inner (adductor) parts. It stretches from the outer fascia to a ridge on your thigh bone called the linea aspera.[1]

Lateral Femoral Intermuscular Septum

The lateral femoral intermuscular septum is a tough layer of deep fascia that runs between the thigh muscles. It divides the front and back compartments of the thigh.[1]

The lateral femoral intermuscular septum starts from the outer fascia (fascia lata). It attaches along the linea aspera of the femur shaft. It stretches to the hip crest above and the outer knee bone below.[1]

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Femur Anatomy

Medial and Lateral Supracondylar Ridge, Medial and Lateral Femoral Intermuscular Septum

Start the Quiz on the Medial and Lateral Supracondylar Ridge, Medial and Lateral Femoral Intermuscular Septum.

1 / 10

The short head of biceps femoris attaches to the lateral lip of the linea aspera and lateral supracondylar ridge. Its nerve supply is:

1. Tibial nerve (sciatic division)

2. Femoral nerve

3. Obturator nerve

4. Common peroneal nerve (sciatic division)

2 / 10

The medial supracondylar ridge is a continuation of which structure proximally on the posterior femur?

1. The gluteal tuberosity

2. Lateral lip of the linea aspera

3. The greater trochanter

4. Medial lip of the linea aspera, extending distally to the medial epicondyle

3 / 10

The term 'supracondylar' in the context of femur fractures most accurately refers to fractures occurring in the:

1. Femoral shaft only

2. Metaphyseal zone between the condyles and the femoral shaft, 7–9 cm above the joint line

3. Above the femoral neck

4. Purely within the condyles

4 / 10

The adductor canal (Hunter's canal) is bounded laterally by which muscle that is related to the medial intermuscular septum?

1. Vastus medialis

2. Sartorius

3. Gracilis

4. Adductor longus

5 / 10

Which muscle has its origin specifically from the medial supracondylar ridge and the proximal medial capsule of the knee?

1. Popliteus

2. Vastus medialis

3. Adductor magnus

4. Medial head of gastrocnemius

6 / 10

The 'screw-home mechanism' at the knee requires intact medial and lateral condylar articular surfaces. Condylar destruction by OA disrupts this mechanism, causing:

1. Increased knee rotation during gait

2. Lateral patellar dislocation

3. Failure of terminal knee extension locking — contributing to knee instability and pain on walking

4. Increased valgus of the knee exclusively

7 / 10

The plantaris muscle originates from which part of the distal femur related to the supracondylar region?

1. Anterior medial condyle

2. Lateral supracondylar line above the lateral condyle, posterior to the lateral head of gastrocnemius

3. Medial femoral epicondyle

4. Posterior femoral shaft only

8 / 10

The medial intermuscular septum of the thigh separates which compartments?

1. Anterior (extensor) from medial (adductor) compartment

2. Posterior from medial compartment

3. Anterior from posterior compartment

4. Superficial from deep anterior compartment

9 / 10

The lateral intermuscular septum is thickened in the distal third of the thigh. This thickening:

1. Reduces lateral knee stability

2. Protects the common peroneal nerve

3. Contributes to IT band tightness and lateral knee pain in runners

4. Provides attachment for the LCL proximally

10 / 10

The relationship between the medial supracondylar ridge and the adductor hiatus is clinically significant because:

1. The tibial nerve crosses the medial condyle

2. The ACL attaches here

3. The femoral artery exits through the adductor hiatus just above the medial condyle and is vulnerable in distal femoral fractures

4. The greater trochanter lies adjacent to this region

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Gluteal Tuberosity

The gluteal tuberosity is a part of the femur bone where the gluteus maximus muscle attaches. It is one of three bony ridges that extend upwards from the back of the femur and start from the linea aspera.[1]

This tuberosity can either appear as a long dent or a rough bump. It runs vertically from the linea aspera up to the base of the greater trochanter, another bony part of the femur.[1]

Adductor Tubercle

The adductor tubercle is a typical bony prominence found at the top of the inner bulge of the thigh bone’s knobby part.[1]

It marks the end of the upper line on the inner side of the thigh bone. It is the portion where the lowest part of the adductor magnus muscle attaches.[1]

The adductor tubercle is located in front and below the prominent point on the inner bulge of the thigh bone, known as the medial epicondyle. This area is where the ligament that connects the thigh bone to the shin bone is anchored.[1]

Femoral Shaft Angles

In the femur anatomy, the angle between the femoral neck and shaft (neck-shaft angle, NSA) varies among people and ancient humans. In adults today, it typically ranges from 120 to 140 degrees. Some have angles less than 120 degrees (coxa varus), while others exceed 140 degrees (coxa valgus).[1]

Nutrient Foramen

The nutrient foramen on the femur shaft is the primary entry point for the nutrient artery into the marrow cavity. Knowledge of its precise location is crucial in surgery and fracture assessment to ensure fractures do not intersect these vital openings.[1]

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Femur Anatomy

Gluteal Tuberosity, Adductor Tubercle, Femoral Shaft Angles, Nutrient Foramen, Medullary Cavity

Start the Quiz on the Gluteal Tuberosity, Adductor Tubercle, Femoral Shaft Angles, Nutrient Foramen, Medullary Cavity.

1 / 10

Reaming the femoral medullary canal for IM nailing causes which potential complication?

1. Sciatic nerve injury exclusively

2. Fat embolism from marrow contents entering the venous circulation

3. Patellar tendon damage

4. Damage to the greater trochanter

2 / 10

The normal femoral medullary canal shows on CT scan a Hounsfield unit (HU) density of approximately:

1. 0 HU (water density)

2. −100 to −200 HU (fat density, reflecting yellow marrow)

3. 300–400 HU (soft tissue density)

4. +400–600 HU (same as cortical bone)

3 / 10

The gluteal tuberosity is located on which surface of the femur and serves as attachment for which muscle?

1. Posteromedial surface — medial hamstring attachment

2. Lateral surface — tensor fascia lata attachment

3. Anterior surface — quadriceps attachment

4. Posterior surface lateral to linea aspera — gluteus maximus attachment

4 / 10

The femoral shaft angles include the neck-shaft angle (coronal plane) and the anteversion angle (axial plane). A third important angle is the 'diaphyseal-condylar angle,' which is the angle between the femoral shaft axis and the knee joint line. It is normally approximately:

1. 5–7° of valgus — the femoral shaft is oblique relative to a horizontal joint line

2. 0° (perfectly parallel)

3. 90°

4. 15° of varus

5 / 10

The 'carrying angle' of the lower limb refers to the angle between the anatomical femoral axis and the tibial axis. This is known as:

1. The neck-shaft angle

2. The torsional angle

3. The angle of anteversion

4. The tibiofemoral angle — normally about 5–7° of valgus

6 / 10

The 'Singh index' on hip X-ray measures trabecular bone density in the femoral neck. A Singh index of Grade 1 (lowest) indicates:

1. Severe osteoporosis — only the primary compressive trabeculae remain, Ward's triangle is markedly expanded

2. Mild osteopenia only

3. Normal bone density

4. Paget's disease pattern

7 / 10

The gluteal tuberosity is located on which surface of the femur and serves as attachment for which muscle?

1. At the tip of the greater trochanter

2. On the posteromedial surface of the medial femoral condyle, just proximal to the medial epicondyle

3. At the base of the femoral neck

4. On the linea aspera mid-shaft

8 / 10

The gluteal tuberosity is sometimes enlarged into a bony ridge called the 'third trochanter.' It is present in approximately what percentage of individuals?

1. 25–30%

2. 50–60%

3. 5–10%

4. <1%

9 / 10

The 'Looser zones' (pseudofractures) in osteomalacia most commonly occur at the:

1. Medial femoral neck (compression side) and other common stress fracture sites

2. Femoral head articular surface

3. Distal femoral condyles

4. Intertrochanteric region only

10 / 10

Gaucher's disease is a lysosomal storage disorder that commonly affects the femoral medullary cavity by causing:

1. Increased yellow marrow

2. Infiltration and expansion of the marrow with glucocerebrosidase-laden macrophages, causing bone pain, AVN, and 'Erlenmeyer flask' deformity

3. Sclerosis of the medullary cavity exclusively

4. Benign cyst formation only

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FAQ’s-

References-

1. National Center for Biotechnology Information. (2023). Anatomy, Bony Pelvis and Lower Limb: Femur. StatPearls Publishing.
   PMID: 30422577. Last reviewed: November 17, 2023.
   https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532982/
2. National Center for Biotechnology Information. (2023). Anatomy, Bony Pelvis and Lower Limb: Fovea Capitis Femoris. StatPearls Publishing.
   PMID: 30335248. Last reviewed: August 8, 2023.
   https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519005/
3. Trotter, M., & Gleser, G. C. (1992). Femur/stature ratio and estimates of stature in children. American Journal of Physical Anthropology.
   PMID: 1580352.
   https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1580352/
4. Li, X., et al. (2025). Functional morphology of trabecular system in human proximal femur: A perspective from P45 sectional plastination and 3D reconstruction finite element analysis. Bone Research.
   PMCID: PMC11993998. Published: April 12, 2025.
   https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11993998/
5. Zhang, Q., et al. (2022). The biomechanical behavior of 3D printed human femoral bones under compressive loads. Journal of Orthopaedic Research, 40(12), 2845–2856.
   PMCID: PMC9685985 — PMID: 36373714.
   https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9685985/
6. O’Brien, F. J. (2018). Bone mechanical properties in healthy and diseased states. National Library of Medicine (PMC).
   PMCID: PMC6053074.
   https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6053074/

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Spine & Back-

• Cervical Spine Anatomy: C1–C7 Vertebrae, Muscles & Nerves Explained
• Spine Anatomy: Parts of the Spine, Vertebrae, Curves, Spinal Cord & Diagram
• Neck Muscle Anatomy: Guide with Key Muscles, Groups, Functions & Diagrams
• Rib Cage Anatomy: Ribs, Sternum, Thoracic, Vertebrae & Functions Explained

Organs-

• Stomach Anatomy: Parts of Stomach, Regions, Layers & Digestive Function
• Heart Anatomy: Guide on Parts of Heart, Chambers, Valves & Blood Flow
• Liver Anatomy: Key Parts of Liver, Functions, Lobes, Segments & Diagram
• Kidney Anatomy: Guide on Parts of Kidney, Structure, Functions & Diagram

Upper Limb-

• Forearm Anatomy: Parts of the Forearm, Radius, Ulna, Muscles & Diagram
• Shoulder Anatomy: Parts of the Shoulder, Bones, Joint Structure & Diagram
• Wrist Anatomy: Parts of the Wrist, 8 Carpal Bones, Tendons & Diagram
• Hand Anatomy: Parts of the Hand, Bones, Muscles with Functions & Diagram
• Finger Anatomy: Parts of Finger, Bones, Joints, Muscles, Tendons & Diagram
• Biceps Brachii Anatomy: Parts of Bicep, Structure, Functions & Diagram
• Arm Anatomy: Parts of Arm, Bones, Muscles & Joints with Functions & Diagram
• Nail Anatomy: Parts of the Nail, Plate, Bed, Matrix, Lunula & Structure

Lower Limb-

• Hip Muscle Anatomy: Guide on Key Muscle Groups, Names, Functions & Diagram
• Hip Bone Anatomy: Parts of Hip Bone, Ilium, Pubis, Functions & Diagram
• Femur Anatomy: Parts of Femur, Structure, Functions, Location & Diagram
• Leg Anatomy: Parts of the Leg, Bones, Muscles & Lower Leg with Functions
• Knee Anatomy: Parts of Knee, Bones, Ligaments, Cartilage & Joint Structure
• Thigh Muscle Anatomy: Key Muscle Groups, Names, Functions & Diagram

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